第章 危在旦夕(1 / 2)

‘啸营’的发生预示着此支军队遭受了灭顶之灾,而军队当炸营发生时,部队为了避免灾难,一般采取守势,取消一切进攻性计划。但也往往被认为是一种特殊的灵异事件,是不祥的预兆。因此在得知盱眙城发生啸营导致失守,泗州也被事件殃及,为宋军趁机攻占,殿上的众人脑子中都有种大难临头的感觉,泗州城的失守也让真金群臣大惊失色。

泗州的失守之所以让蒙元君臣震惊,还得从贯穿南北的大运河说起。运河在隋代开通后便成了沟通南北的交通要道,同时也是中原王朝的经济命脉。到了宋代定都开封,改变长期以陕、洛为全国政治中心的格局,随着长江流域经济地位日渐提高,宋辽、宋夏对峙局面形成和北宋政权“守内虚外”政策的实行,南北水运意义更为重大。

开封平畴万里,四方辐辏,宋廷在改造、疏浚前代原有水道的基础上,依托运河形成以首都开封为中心向四围辐射的人工水运系统。汴河是“漕运四河”之一,即通济渠,线路基本未变。开封以西,自河阴县汴口引黄河水东流,入开封府外郭汴河上水门,穿内城,由外郭汴河下水门出城。开封以东河段大体沿今惠济河大势,至泗州城南入淮。

因而宋漕河引江、湖,利尽南海,半天下之财赋,并山泽之百货,悉由汴路而进,才有汴河乃是‘建国之本’的说法。而泗州城始建于北周,隋朝时毁于战乱,唐代重新兴建。城池正是处于淮河下游,汴河之口,乃进入中原区域之襟喉,控制南北交通的要冲,其地政治、经济、军事地位的重要性不容忽视。

宋室南渡以后,偏安一隅。金国立都于燕京,京师用度仰漕山东、河北之粟。时黄河南流夺淮,汴河、广济河相继淤废,漕粮转输唯依惠民、御河而已。御河因黄河多次冲注、床浅流涩,世宗、章宗之际命沿河州县官衔内皆带提控、管勾漕河事,岁发山东、河北、大名诸路军夫浚治河道,营护堤岸,遂成定制。

永济渠故道久堙,大定十一年开金口,疏导卢沟河水至京城北入濠,而东至通州之北入潞水。置闸以节高良河、白莲潭,欲借卢沟水转漕。但因地势高峻,金口河水性浑浊不能胜舟而仍以陆挽。在泰和四年又开通州潞水漕渠,建闸节水,减缓坡降,终于使御河漕船行至都下。

贞祐四年又开沁水入御河以便馈运;此外金还曾于中都东北郊开漕渠通温榆河;开长直沟穿万安湖于今安徽省灵璧县境,连通汴、泗,皆欲通漕粟。金代国运不长,因而运河使用的时间也不太长,但是经过金朝的治理,一些行将淤废的运河得以复生。其于御河沿线诸县分别置河仓,设纲船,分春、秋两次起运,至通州和中都城通济、丰备、丰赡、广济等仓存储,岁运粮近百万石。

蒙元灭金后,忽必烈继承汗位,并开始营建大都城。在中统二年,郭守敬即上水利条陈六条,其中之一是建议引水通金代中都,东至通州的旧漕河,南向开河至杨村,但通州至大都五十里之间,水源缺乏,仍然需要陆路运输。

此后蒙元平定江南,仍依靠旧运河进行水陆转运,其路线是:由长江辗转入淮河,逆黄河而上达中滦旱站,陆运一百八十里至淇门,入御河,再船运至大都。这条隋唐以来的运河旧道,因历经变迁,久不通畅,漕运诸多不便,所以元朝政府着手陆续修凿大运河。

至元十八至二十年,由奥鲁赤主持引汶水、泗水,从济州西北到须城安山开凿一条一百五十乡里的济州河。漕路由淮河入泗水,经济州河北达安山,出大清河,经东阿、利津入海,然后由海运入直沽达大都。此后因海口淤沙壅塞,运道不通,又改由东阿陆运至临清入御河。至此,元代南北航运已大致沟通,所不通者,仅东阿和临清之间一二百里的旱路。

如果按照历史的发展,蒙元此时形成了海运、水陆和海河转运并重的办法基本解决了漕运问题。但是此后忽必烈暴死,真金继位,赵昺收复了江南,并击败了蒙元水军,使其丧失了制海权,海运再次断绝。不过失去江南后,运河不再承担从江南转运粮食的任务,对运河的依赖稍减。

但在蒙元在失去江南,不仅失去了税赋重地,也失去了江浙沿海的盐场,对两淮地区的食盐依赖日趋加重,漕运的运力又显不足。于是真金采用寿张县尹韩仲晖等人的建议,派李处巽主持开凿会通河,从安山的西南起,分梁山泺的水源北流。经寿张西北到东昌,又西北到临清入御河。全长二百五十里,历时六个月完成。

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