第127章 兵法二十四篇(诸葛亮著)(2 / 2)

治乱之政,谓省官并职,去文就质也。夫绵绵不绝,必有乱结,纤纤不伐,必成妖孽。夫三纲不正,六纪不理,则大乱生矣。故治国者,圆不失规,方不失矩,本不失末,为政不失其道,万事可成,其功可保。夫三军之乱,纷纷扰扰,各惟其理。明君治其纲纪,政治当有先后,先理纲,后理纪;先理令,后理罚;先理近,后理远;先理内,后理外;先理本,后理末;先理强,后理弱;先理大,后理小;先理身,后理人。是以理网则纪张,理令则罚行,理近则远安,理外则外端,理本则末通,理强则弱伸,理大则小行,理上则下正,理身则人敬,此乃治国之道也。

教令第十三

教令之政,谓上为下教也。非法不言,非道不行,上之所为,人之所瞻也。夫释己救人,是谓逆政,正己教人,是谓顺政。故为君之道,以教令为先,诛罚为后,不教而战,是谓弃之。先习士卒用兵之道,其法有五:一曰,使目习其旌旗指麾之变,纵横之术;二曰,使耳习闻金鼓之声,静动行止;三曰,使心习刑罚之严,爵赏之利;四曰,使手习五兵之便,斗战之备;五曰,使足习周旋走趋之列,进退之宜;故号为五教。教令军队,各有其道。左教青龙,右教白虎,前教朱雀,后教玄武,中央轩辕,大将军之所处,左矛右戟,前盾后弩,中央旗鼓。旗鼓俱进。闻鼓则进,闻金则止,随其指挥,五陈乃理。正陈之法,旗鼓之主:一鼓,举其青旗,则为直阵;二鼓,举其赤旗,则为锐阵;三鼓,举其黄旗,则为方阵;四鼓,举其白旗,则为圆阵;五鼓,举其黑旗,则为曲阵。直阵者,木阵也;锐阵者,火阵也;方阵者,土阵也;圆阵者,金阵者;曲阵者,水阵也。此五行之阵,辗转相生,冲对相胜,相生为救,相胜为战,相生为助,相胜为敌。凡结五阵之法,五五相保,五人为一长,五长为一师,五师为一枝,五枝为一火;五火为一撞,五撞为一军,则军士具矣。夫兵利之所便,务知节度。短者持矛戟,长者持弓弩,壮者持旌旗,勇者持金鼓,弱者为粮牧,智者为谋主。乡里相比,五五相保,一鼓整行,二鼓习阵,三鼓起食,四鼓严办,五鼓就行。闻鼓听金,然后举旗,出兵以次第,一鸣鼓三通,旌旗发扬,举兵先攻者赏,却退者斩,此教令也。

斩断第十四

斩断之政,谓不从教令之法也。其法有七,一曰轻,二曰慢,三曰盗,四曰欺,五曰背,六曰乱,七曰误,此治军之禁也。当断不断,必受其乱,故设斧钺之威,以待不从令者诛之。军法异等,过轻罚重,令不可犯,犯令者斩。期会不到,闻鼓不行,乘宽自留,避回自止,初近后远,唤名不应,车甲不具,兵器不备,此为轻军,轻军者斩。受令不传,传令不审,迷惑吏士,金鼓不闻,旌旗不睹,此谓慢军,慢军者斩。食不禀粮,军不省兵,赋赐不均,阿私所亲,取非其物,借贷不还,夺人头者,以获其功,此谓盗军,盗军者斩。变改姓名,衣物不鲜,旌旗裂坏,金鼓不具,兵刃不磨,器仗不坚,矢不著羽,弓弩无弦,法令不行此为欺军,欺军者斩。闻鼓不进,闻金不止,按旗不伏,举旗不起,指挥不随,避前向后,纵发乱行,折其弓弩之势,却退不斗,宜左或右,扶伤举死,自托而归,此谓背军,背军者斩。出军行将,士卒争先,纷纷扰扰,车骑相连,咽塞路道,后不得先,呼唤喧哗,无所听从,失乱行刺,兵刃中伤,长短不理,上下纵横,此为乱军,乱军者斩。屯营所止,问其乡里,亲近相随,共食相保,不得越次,强入他伍;干误次第,不可呵止,度营出入,不由门户,不自启白,奸邪所起,知者不告,罪同一等,合人饮酒,阿私取受,大言警语,疑惑吏士,此谓误军,误军者斩。斩断之后,此万事乃理也。

思虑第十五

思虑之政,谓思近虑远也。夫人无远虑,必有近忧,故君子思不出其位。思者,正谋也,虑者,思事之计也。非其位不谋其政,非其事不虑其计。大事起於难,小事起於易。故欲思其利,必虑其害,欲思其成,必虑其败。是以九重之台,虽高必坏。故仰高者不可怨其下,瞻前者不可忽其后。是以秦穆公伐郑,二子知其害;吴王受越女,子胥知其败;虞受晋璧马,宫之奇知其害;宋襄公练兵车,目夷知其负。凡此之智,思虑之至,可谓明矣,夫随覆陈之轨,追陷溺之后,以赴其前,何及之有?故秦承霸业,不及尧、舜之道。夫危生於安,亡生於存,乱生於治。君子视微知著,见始知终,祸无从起,此思虑之政也。

阴察第十六

阴察之政,譬喻物类,以觉悟其意也。外伤则内孤,上惑则下疑;疑则亲者不用,惑则视者失度;失度则乱谋,乱谋则国危,国危则不安。是以思者虑远,远虑者安,无虑者危。富者得志,贫者失时,甚爱太费,多藏厚亡,竭财相买,无功自专,忧事众者烦,烦生於怠。船漏则水入,囊穿则内空,山小无兽,水浅无鱼,树弱无巢,墙坏屋倾,堤决水漾,疾走者仆,安行者迟,乘危者浅,履水者惧,涉泉者溺,遇水者渡,无楫者不济,失侣者远顾,赏罚者少功,不诚者失信。唇亡齿寒,毛落皮单。阿私乱言,偏听者生患。善谋者胜,恶谋者分,善之劝恶,如春雨泽。麒麟易乘,驽骀难习。不视者盲,不听者聋。根伤则叶枯,叶枯则花落,花落则实亡。柱细则屋倾,本细则末挠,下小则上崩。不辨黑白,弃土取石,羊虎同群。衣破者补,带短者续。弄刀者伤手,打者伤足。洗不必江河,要之却垢;马不必麒麟,要之疾足;贤不必圣人,要之智通。总之,有五德:一曰禁暴止兵,二曰赏贤罚罪,三曰安仁和众,四曰保大定功,五曰丰挠拒谗,此之谓五德。

将苑之兵权篇

夫兵之权者,是三军之司命,主将之威势.将能执兵之权,操兵之要势,而临群下,譬如猛虎,加之羽翼而翔四海,随所欲而施之.若将失权,不操其实,亦如鱼龙脱於江湖,欲求游洋之势,奔涛戏浪,何可得也.

将苑之逐恶篇

夫军国之弊,有五害焉:一曰,结党相连,毁贤良;二曰,侈其衣服,异其冠带;三曰,虚夸妖术,诡言神道;四曰,观察是非,利以动众;五曰,伺候得失,阴结敌人.此所谓奸伪悖德之人,可远而不可亲也.

将苑之人性篇

夫人之性,莫难察焉.美恶既殊,情貌不一.有温良而为诈者,有外恭而内欺者,有外勇而内怯者,有尽力而不忠者.然知人之道有七焉:一曰,间之以是非而观其志;二曰,穷之以辞辩而观其变;三曰,咨之以计谋而观其识;四曰,告知以祸难而观其勇;五曰,醉之以酒而观其性;六曰,临之以利而观其廉;七曰,期之以事而观其信.

还有三篇,前面已经发过

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