第七百二十一章 税改金改(1 / 2)

第三条:改革税制,凉国的税不再遵从汉制,而是为农牧税、增值税、消费税、营业税、企业所得税、个人所得税、资源税、城镇土地使用税、房产税、城建税、车购税、印花税、契税、关税。</p>

汉制,税主要分为田租、人头税和其他一些杂税,如盐税、铁税等。这一税制,已经完全不能适应凉国的国情。且不说人头税容易造成隐瞒户口,凉国主要的税的构成中,商业和手工业的税已经占比百分之三十六,将来纳税主体会是商业和手工业。</p>

所以刘范就照搬了后世种花家的税制。因为凉国的大部分人口仍从事农牧业,故而刘范保留了农业税,命之为农牧税;有些税在不适应凉国国情,刘范也就废除了,如船舶吨税;车购税所指的车,自然是马车。</p>

至于如何推广这一新税制,以及确定下各种税的税率和税的主要纳税人,则留待三省六部建立之后,由六部商量。</p>

第四条:废除五铢钱,改铸新币,以金银取代铜钱的流通;废除铢两制,改为通宝制。</p>

这一条,其实也是凉国急需的。因为到了东汉末年,政治黑暗,造成民生凋敝,经济萧条,五铢钱不是大幅贬值:之前十钱能买的,如今要用百钱甚至千钱才能买到;就是被人们破坏,以刮蹭锉磨五铢钱的方式来偷盗铜,于是就有了剪轮五铢;</p>

东汉为了剥削人民和维持经济,就加大了五铢钱的铸造和发行,市场上流通的货币太多就导致物价飞涨,通货膨胀,这样更加速了五铢钱的贬值;</p>

灵帝刘宏为挽救这一危机,又铸造了“四出文”钱,又名“四出五铢”。平心而论,四出五铢的质量其实远超前代铸造的五铢,而且还有防锉磨偷铜的设计,但戚宦之争、频繁征调和桓灵二帝的昏庸无道已经让人民水深火热,人民恨不得推翻东汉的统治,怎么还会相信东汉发行的五铢钱呢?故而四出五铢也失去了信用。</p>

所以,五铢钱的价值很低,要购买商品则需要携带很多很重的五铢钱,不利于经济发展。再者,五铢钱的体系是铢两体系,即二十四铢为一两。五枚五铢钱,就是一两多出一铢。这样换算,自然十分地不方便。而通宝制的钱,最基础的是一文。一文钱重量为24铢,也就是十文钱正好是一两。</p>

刘范决定,以通宝制取代铢两制;在凉国全面废除五铢钱,另外重新铸造凉国自己的钱币,规定一千文为一贯;再根据金银两种贵金属如今的价格,规定多少重量的金银等同于多少贯。</p>

至于金银,刘范不想再铸造成汉代的麟趾金、金饼之类的。那样,金银也会变得不便携带,而且很容易会被熔掉、切掉,导致金银价值暴涨;还会导致金银会被拿去打造成金银器,这样一来,发挥通货作用、在市场上流通的金银就变少了。失去了货币这个润滑剂,市场的运转就会陷入迟滞,也容易导致通货膨胀。</p>

解决这一问题的方法,刘范在西方找到了。自从岭西之战后刘范就发现,缴获和赔款中的金银大都是金银币。月支的是迦腻色迦一世金币,就是金币上印有迦腻色迦一世的侧面头像;安息的是德拉克马银币。此外,还有众多的罗马金币。刘范想从安息引进制币工艺,将金银捶打印模成金银币。这一点,也得等到三省六部成立之后了。</p>

第五条:建立大凉钱庄,负责废除五铢钱、储蓄、贷款、发行钱币、钱币兑换、辅助征税等事宜。</p>

这一条,就是为辅助第四条而设的。在刘范的设想中,旧的五铢钱就由大凉钱庄回收并熔铸成凉国的新货币,配合金融改革的实施;并且在五铢钱废除、新币铸造后,开始向凉国人民提供储蓄和贷款等服务,储蓄给予一定的利息,贷款也定有利率,一切都是刘范照抄后世银行的制度来的;</p>

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