15.马市多弊病(2 / 2)

大唐官 幸运的苏拉 0 字 2021-05-24

“我唐先前,自外蕃如突厥处买马,秉承的原则就是‘计价酬答,务从优厚’,开天时一匹马居然需四十匹大练绢布。如今回纥依仗协助我唐平叛有功,每年都要驱赶大批马匹来互市,并定数强卖,国库每年都不堪重负。”

韦皋这番话所说的意思,即是指出唐蕃政府名义的“马市”弊端,唐朝和天朝历代大一统政权差不多,喜好以“上国”自居,周边国家来做生意都有“朝贡”性质在里面,为充脸面往往“计价酬答,务从优厚”,唐玄宗时期在西州(唐灭高昌国后,建西州,曾改名交河郡)马市上,一匹上好的突厥马也不过二十匹大练绢布而已,可一旦纳入“朝贡体系”就翻番,价格飙升到四十匹,这也算是唐政府多花钱笼络蕃胡的一项国策。

不过唐朝每年买个三四千匹马,用于马政配种或禁军骑乘上,虽然钱是没少花,可对于国防的意义非凡,算是不得不失。

安史之乱后,回纥取代了突厥成为唐政府唯一的“马市”对象。可回纥却强横的多,也贪得无厌的多,每年唐朝皇帝都要送给灵州大都督二万匹绢,专门用来赏赐回纥。可回纥不满足,还要求唐每年必须买它六千匹马,这六千匹可以算是“强制性基数”,此外每匹马的价格也是相对固定的,不受市场波动影响,即四十匹到五十匹的绢布(钱和其他东西,回纥不接受)。

可问题来了,开元天宝年间唐朝正处盛世,河南、河北、江淮、东南都出产大批绢布充当货币的角色,那时一匹绢布价格大约只需二百到四百文钱,取最高数的话,一匹突厥的朝贡马值四十匹绢布,大约也就十六贯钱而已;可肃宗、代宗时期就不一样,整个北方经受战争摧残,户口是十不存一,绢布只能靠江淮、东南输入,加上币制混乱,使得绢布价钱飞涨到几乎四贯一匹,那么一匹回纥马居然相当于一百六十甚至二百贯钱,足足是开天年间的十多倍。

这也是盛世时唐朝拥几十万匹战马,而如今一个边陲重镇也就寥寥两三千匹战马的重要原因。

回纥每年强行送六千匹马来,朝廷必须含泪买下(肃代时期因财政困顿,甚至要大臣交俸禄钱来充回纥马价),每年耗费平均都在二三十万匹绢布。两税法推行后,皇帝李适的大盈库一年用度也就三十万匹绢布左右,所以所谓的回纥马价构成唐朝政府一项沉重的开支。买了马后,朝廷又没钱(钱都用于买马了)营造牧马监,也不敢放心送给方镇牧养,买来的马一年都要白白死掉十之六七,第二年回纥又驱无数的马来了......原本盛唐时期运行良好的马政,至今已算是瘫痪。

非但如此,跟着回纥来的胡商异常狡诈,他们在得到高价卖马的绢布后,在返程途中经过北塞骆马互市时,用这些绢布以市场的低廉价格,大肆从党项乃至唐军方镇那里买马,次年一转手,又以高价再卖给唐朝皇帝,这样不但可以牟取巨额利润,还能破坏唐军马政,削弱唐军的战备。

如果唐朝皇帝拿不出绢布来,或者还不起欠债,回纥骑兵就堂而皇之劫掠塞北、河东的人畜,并称之为“刮城门”、“索马值”。

所以说到这里,韦皋和高岳都非常愤怒,一致认为这个制度若是不改,唐军永远强大不起来。

因回纥每年给唐朝的马匹所值近二百贯钱一匹,他们在出售河朔三镇(即卢龙、成德、魏博,其中卢龙也称范阳、幽州)时马价标的也是出奇的高,每匹也要百贯钱,故而朱泚说回纥马商在我“朱郎”的面子,你俩从卢龙那里买马来,可减到五十贯一匹。

那样一万贯,也只能买二百匹而已。

于是高岳就悄声附和韦皋说,“不如把这一万贯钱,换个方式来得马。”

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