040【一字之别,道统之争】(2 / 2)

梦回大明春 王梓钧 1515 字 2022-06-01

王阳明没有反对,但也不赞许。

诸生散乱坐于荒野,有的还把果脯、肉干拿出,三三两两倒酒满上,似乎想一边听课一边喝酒。

王阳明亦不训斥,朗声说道:“开篇讲《大学》。非程朱之新本,乃前朝之旧本。大学之道,在明明德,在亲民,在止于至善。此为亲,不为新……”

宋公子突然站起来,打断道:“阳明先生,朱子说,此处‘亲’当作‘新’,你是不是讲错了?”

“没讲错,”王阳明微笑道,“旧本为‘亲民’,我也认为是‘亲民’。”

诸生骇然,瞠目结舌。

王阳明开讲的第一句话,就跟朱熹杠上了,直接驳斥朱熹的错误。

而且,还是在挖理学的根基!

“亲”与“新”,一字之差,悬殊万里。

明明德,亲民,止于至善,这是儒学的三纲。

朱熹是这样解释的:每个人都有光明品德,这是天理,也是天性。但光明品德,有可能受到蒙蔽,应该去发现它、点亮它(明明德)。在获得光明品德之后,还要去引导别人,让所有人都获得光明品德(新民)。由此就能让万物天理达到完美极至,达到个人理想与社会责任的统一(止于至善)。

而王阳明,想通过“亲”与“新”的差别,直接从儒学三纲的层面争夺道统。

此言一出,立即有十多人愤然离席,拿起干粮饮水,转身就往山下行去。他们求学是为了考科举,而以王阳明的“妖言妄论”,拿去考试百分之百要落榜!

刚开讲就有人离开,王阳明依旧从容,微笑着目送他们下山。

宋公子却是个较真的,他问道:“朱子在后章‘作新民’之文有论据,苟日新,日日新,又日新。你怎么证明自己是对的?”

王阳明笑道:“邦畿千里,惟民所止,说的是亲。为人君,止于仁,说的是亲……君子贤其贤而亲其亲,小人乐其乐而利其利,说的还是亲。亲有仁的意思,也有新的意思。亲既然已经包含新的意思,为什么朱子要强行改为新呢?”

“呃……”

宋公子直接傻了。

王阳明引用大量《大学》原句,论证那本来就是个“亲”字,而且包含了仁与新两种意义。朱熹强行改为“新”是不讲道理的,是不讲仁义的!

诸生哗然。

一些人不敢再听,吓得撒腿就跑。因为王阳明讲得很有道理,他们害怕自己信进去,从而耽误今后考科举。

一些人仔细思索,陷入两难境地,不知应该听王阳明的,还是应该继续听朱熹的。

一些人兴奋莫名,已然被王阳明所折服,恨不得今生追随其左右。

王渊心想:“这才是非议朱子的正确方式啊,直接引用儒家经义来驳斥朱熹。有理有据,合情合法,谁敢说个不字?”

便是朱熹亲临,估计也说不过王阳明。

因为朱熹自知理亏,还专门在《大学》批注里解释。

不是王阳明比朱熹更聪明,而是朱熹想完善理学体系,硬生生故意曲解《大学》本意。

王阳明继续讲学,越讲越吓人,很快又有十多个生员逃跑。

其中有几个生员,连夜逃回贵州城,直奔贵州巡抚衙门。

等至第二天中午,他们终于见到准备出门的王质,当即跪倒告状:“王抚台,有狂生在龙岗山妖言惑众,非议圣贤朱子与程子,擅改《四书》之经义!”

(PS1:关于《四书大全》和《五经大全》,有人认为老王乱说。确有不妥之处,已修改。)

(PS2:明代四川,是大四川,包含今天的重庆、云南、贵州、湖南、湖北的一部分地盘,而且这些地方很多都未开化,土司数量惊人,所以说四川是蛮夷之地。还有,因为宋末和元末战乱,明代四川经济、文化、人口远远不如宋代。终明一朝,四川人口都没恢复到南宋初年的水平。)

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