学而远行之----明代传说(七十五)(1 / 2)

当时扬州流行一种新式样:女衫长二尺八寸,袖子宽一尺二寸,外护袖镶锦绣,冬季镶貂狐皮。裙装在明代初年用色偏向浅淡;崇祯时期提倡白色裙。裙边有一、二寸绣边。明初裙宽为六幅,明末时发展为八幅、十幅。裙褶十分盛行,有细密褶纹,也有大褶纹。褶纹装饰十分讲究。有一种名为彩条裙,每条选用一种颜色缎,每条色缎上绣出花鸟纹饰,带边镶以金线可成为独立的条带,将数条这样的各种彩条拼合在腰带上,就成为彩条飘舞的裙子,因此取名“凤尾裙”。有的还将整块缎料用手工做成细褶纹,取名“百褶裙”。一种二十四褶裙取名“玉裙”。</p>

明代还有一种特殊式样的帔子,由于其形美如彩霞,故得名“霞帔”。这种帔子出现在南北朝时期,隋唐时期得此名。到宋代将它列入礼服行列之中。明代服用此式较为普遍,它的形状宛如一条长长的彩色挂带,每条霞帔宽三寸二分,长五尺七寸,服用时绕过脖颈,披挂在胸前,由于下端垂有金或玉石的坠子,因此越发显得挺拔高贵。</p>

古代留存至今的资料中,大部分是宫廷中命妇着装形象。命妇着霞帔时,在用色和图案纹饰上都有规定。一般在大红底色的大袖衫上披挂霞帔时,要用深青色绣花霞帔,品级的差别主要表现在纹饰上,如下分别列数。</p>

一、二品命妇霞帔用蹙金绣云霞翟纹。</p>

三、四品命妇霞帔用金绣云霞孔雀纹。</p>

五、品命妇霞帔用绣云霞鸳鸯纹。</p>

六、七品命妇霞帔用绣云霞练鹊纹。</p>

八、九品命妇霞帔用绣缠校花纹。</p>

明代的褙子的纹样与霞帔在品极差别上基本相同,只是八、九品命妇用团花,不用缠枝花。明代使用褙子面很广。按身份来分有两种类型;贵族使用的褙子,在礼节性场合为合领大袖对襟形式;平民做为常服就采用直领小袖对襟形式。</p>

还有一种出自元代的无领对襟马甲,又称"比甲",是宫廷中皇后的专用服式。后来逐渐传入民间,扩大了服用范围。比甲盛行于明代中期,主要受青年妇女的偏爱。这种"比甲"从形式上看与隋唐时期的半臂有渊源关系,后来清代出现的马甲,就是这种比甲的变形。</p>

明式服装的另一个特色是襟上佩佳饰物,并且十分醒目。都是些金、珠、玉等材料做成的各种饰物。其中垂挂在胸前的叫"坠领";系在前襟的叫"七事";走起路来有响声的叫"禁步",这些佩饰统称叫"杂佩"。另有一种特别的佩饰,是在一条金链上,以环相连挂着四件小物件:即镊子(是一种一头固定,一头张开的铁制小工具用以夹取细毛之用,人称"毛镊子")、牙签(剔牙之用)、耳挖子(挖耳用的小勺)和小刀,均是些妇女的生活实用品。</p>

《明会典》是明代官修的一部典章制度书,其中记录贵族女装用料均为"各色纻丝绫罗纱随用",而平民女服用料则受限制,即便是礼服,也限用紫色粗布(即"絁")并且禁止用金绣,袍衫也只限用紫色、绿色和桃红色等浅淡的颜色,而禁止使用大红色、鸦青色和明黄色等浓艳的色彩。明洪武十四年还规定,商贾之家只能用绢布制装,农家可以使用紬纱和绢布。</p>

明代男装以方巾圆领为代表形式,儒生所着襕衫与当今舞台上京剧书生的服饰极为相似。其特点是宽袖、皂(黑)色缘边,青圆领、皂绦软巾垂带。脚夫和搬运工则着青布衫裤,青布长手巾,上衣沿宽边,足着草制的靸鞋。官服是云缎圆领袍,另有外加云缎外套的穿法。这种袍长离地一寸,袖长过手,袖椿(指袖身)宽一尺,袖口宽九寸,足着大红色履为典型式样。</p>

明朝立国不久,就下令禁穿胡服,恢复了唐朝衣冠制度,法服与常服又得以并行了。法服大体同於唐朝,祗是进贤冠改成了梁冠,并增加了忠静冠、保和冠等冠式。官吏戴乌纱帽,穿圆领袍。袍服除了品色规定外,还在胸背缀有补子,并以其所绣图案的不同来表示官阶的不同,不独唯此,官员的腰带也因品级的不同而在质地上有所不同。故有明一代的服饰特点主要体现岀等级限制的严格。书生多穿直裰或曳撒,戴巾。平民则穿短衣,戴小帽或网巾。明朝女子髻式也颇多,且常在额上系兜子,名“遮眉勒”。衣裙近似宋元两朝,但内衣有小圆领,颈部加纽扣。衣身较长,缀有金玉坠子,外加云肩、比甲(大背心)等。</p>

朱元璋统一天下,明代开始整体上大致恢复汉人衣冠,从唐代吸收了胡人习惯以后,发展出的汉人衣冠。</p>

明代的男装,大人多穿青布直身的宽大长衣,头上戴四方平定巾,一般平民穿短衣,裹头巾。</p>

这个时候出现了一种六瓣、八瓣布片缝合的小帽,看起来很像剖成半边的西瓜。本来是仆役所戴的,但是因为戴起来很方便,所以就普遍流行起来。这就是清代「瓜皮小帽」的前身。</p>

明代的贵妇多是穿红色大袖的袍子,一般妇女只能穿桃红、紫绿及一些浅淡的颜色。平日常穿的是短衫长裙,腰上系着绸带,裙子宽大,样式很多,像百褶裙、凤尾裙、月华裙等。</p>

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