学而远行之----明朝十六帝(十二)(2 / 2)

还有一个证据。朱棣在即位之后,在南京天禧寺的旧址上翻盖新寺,取名大报恩寺,是为了报答马皇后的养育之恩。然而令人不解的是,寺中正殿的大门经常紧闭,外人无法看见里面元顺帝像的情况,有传闻里面供奉的其实是成祖生母妃。</p>

还有的学者考证当年建文帝之所以先削周王,是因为周王与朱棣是同母所生,故削周王而去燕王羽翼。周王与朱棣的母亲不是马皇后,而有可能就是妃。</p>

元主妃洪吉喇氏说。社会上更加流行的却是另外一种说法,即成祖生母是蒙古人洪吉喇氏。洪吉喇氏是元顺帝的第三福晋,是太师洪吉喇特托克托的女儿。元顺帝败,朱元璋入大都(今北京)见洪吉喇氏貌美,就留在身边。然而她入明宫时就已经怀孕,所生的就是明成祖朱棣,所以朱棣即元顺帝的遗腹子。其实这只是民间的传说而已。徐达攻陷大都是至正二十八年(1368),而朱棣生于至正二十年(1360),两者相差达8年之久。这种情况可能由于朱元璋刑罚过严、朱棣杀戮过重,从而导致民情激愤,因而编造谣言以发泄胸中的不满情绪,以至于以讹传讹。</p>

还有其他一些说法,比如说成祖是达妃所生,或元主妃不是洪吉喇氏而是翁氏,等等,但都影响不大。实际上,争论的焦点是成祖到底是嫡出还是庶出?以上看法都可以归纳到这个问题上来。朱棣非马皇后亲生而生母为妃的说法,经过明史专家李晋华、吴晗等人的精细考证,已为大多数学者所接受。在这里,可以提供一条可以佐证成祖庶出说的史料。成祖即位以后,禁止一切有关其夺位的史料,但他左右不了国外的史籍,而这条史料恰恰出自邻国朝鲜,其真实性是可以信赖的。洪武二十二年,朝鲜使臣权近一行曾在北平拜谒燕王,权氏著有《奉使录》记其事,其中有诗题云:</p>

到燕台驿,进见燕府。先诣典仪所。所官入启,以是日先太后忌日,不受礼。命奉嗣叶鸿伴接到馆。七月十五日也。</p>

此处"先太后"当是从汉制之称诸侯王母,显然指燕王自己的生母。诗题中明言太后忌日在七月十五日,而高皇后马氏的忌日在八月初十,显然不合。洪武二十二年,还不存在嫡庶之差别问题,故燕王即使对外国人也不遮掩其真实生母身份。所以,成祖非马氏所出无可怀疑。那么,朱棣为何一再强调自己是嫡出呢?这是因为明朝的皇位继承制为嫡长子继承制,只有嫡子继承皇位才是深孚人心的,否则会危及皇权的稳定。特别是是朱棣通过靖难之役,将建文帝赶下台后取而代之,更恐难以服众。他担心后人说他篡权,所以才千方百计强调自己嫡出的身份。这种此地无银三百两的伎俩,是不足为怪的。</p>

宣宗朱瞻基,仁宗长子,明朝第五个皇帝,年号"宣德"。1426年,仁宗朱高炽病逝,朱瞻宣宗像基以29岁的年龄即皇帝位,时值壮年,精力充沛,又有一定的治国经验,且可以不用像他的父亲那样在太子的位置上苦苦等待20年之久,可谓恰得其时。当年成祖曾经预言他是个"太平天子",此语果然没错。虽然宣宗在位仅有10年时间,但他是个守成之君,承继明朝开国60年来的基业,以自己德政和治道而载入史册,将明朝推向了"仁宣之治"的黄金时期。</p>

洪武三十一年(1398)二月初九日,朱瞻基出生在北平。在他出生的前夕,他的祖父燕王朱棣做了一个梦,梦中太祖朱元璋授予他大圭,上面写着"传之子孙,永世其昌"字样。圭,是古代封建帝王贵族在举行典礼时用的一种玉器。成祖认为这个梦有特别的寓意,是个吉兆。在朱瞻基满月的时候,朱棣看到他满面英气,与自己梦中见到的样子十分相像,非常高兴,对他也是特别的宠爱。</p>

朱棣夺得天下后在南京登基,朱瞻基随祖母离开北京也来到了南京。祖父朱棣和祖母徐氏非常钟爱这个皇孙,对其颇为用心。朱瞻基自幼聪慧,喜好读书。永乐五年(1407)四月,他到了出阁读书的年纪,成祖特命靖难之役的第一功臣姚广孝为之讲习经书。</p>

姚广孝像姚广孝是个很特别的人,至今还流传着关于他的许多传说。他14岁出家为僧,法名道衍,向道士席应真学习阴阳术数之学,熟读诗书,诗文俱佳。后来云游嵩山时,著名相士袁珙看到他十分诧异,说他三角眼、形如病虎、嗜杀成性,将来一定是刘秉忠一样的人物。(刘秉忠,元朝僧人,随忽必烈征云南,筹建开平城,主持设计元大都,建议以大元为国号。)姚广孝听说自己会成为刘秉忠一样的人物,正符合自己的志向,非常高兴,立志要做一番事业。</p>

因为马皇后病逝,朱元璋择高僧入藩王府为马皇后诵经祈福。姚广孝就因此而得以进入燕王府,为朱棣所知。他密劝朱棣举兵,并在“靖难之役”中屡出奇策,为朱棣夺得江山立下了不世的功勋。是以朱棣对他是十分敬重的,在恢复他的姓,赐名广孝,不直呼其名而尊称为少师。</p>

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