第一百零五章 抗击俺答——翁万达(1 / 1)

史事讲将 徐夏半生 0 字 2021-05-13

翁万达,字仁夫,号东涯,潮州府揭阳县人,明朝中期名臣、诗人。出身寒门,,历任广西梧州府知府,陕西布政使、巡抚,宣大总督,兵部尚书等职。曾参与处理安南动乱,后期统理北部边防,抗击蒙古俺答汗侵扰,统边五六年间,屡立战功。又修筑大同宣府间长城800余里,烽堠300余座,使边境得以安定,后三罢三起,逝于回乡途中。兼备文武才略,被世宗称为“岭南第一名臣”,张居正曾评价道:“仅仅推公屈一指焉”,其威望远播异邦,如在泰国,他被誉为“英勇大帝”,立庙祭祀多达100余处,潮汕人将翁万达与陈北科、林大钦并称为“潮汕三杰”。

翁万达,翁氏的始祖翁雄,为避战乱,在72岁时入潮汕,居于鮀江畔之举登村,创下初基,二年后去世,后四代单传,至翁万达之祖父翁可,才育有四子,翁万达父亲翁玉排行第三。翁家至翁万达出生,早已家道中落。翁万达5岁丧母,从小就过着清贫艰辛的生活,但一直勤于诗书,得中丙戌科进士,时年28岁。一朝成名后,翁万达开始了26年的从军从政仕途生涯,其中戎马生涯就达16年之久。

翁万达的仕途生涯,可分为四个阶段:从28岁到34岁为户部属吏时期,中进土后不久,即授户部广西司主事,此后历任广西司员外郎、山东司郎中。在此期间,查勘悬案,诅抑权贵,督税课兑,陈盐政利弊,赈畿辅饥民,精明练达,诸如豪强侵夺官地商税,阻挠漕运河道等等,都逃不出他的严正惩处。虽因此备受诽谤,他依然“略不为动”,秉公执法,诸豪强“毋敢挠其令”,因此“以廉法著称”

从35岁到43岁为梧守、征南副使、参政时期,出任梧州知府。梧州是汉族与少数民族杂处的地方,边防要地,师旅众多,翁万达治理梧州4年,声绩大著,被誉为“治行第一”。期间,镇守两广的咸宁侯仇鸾,纵悍卒横行,翁万达不惮权贵,拘缚其为首分子十余人投之于狱,翁万达治梧声名远播,受兵部尚书毛伯温极力荐举,任命为广西副使。

安南国莫登庸父子篡位称制,勾结广西土官反叛朝廷,世宗朱厚熜命两广总兵仇鸾、兵部尚书毛伯温率部征安南。征南号令传出后,兵部、礼部意见不一,翁万达提出以“重兵威慑,抚剿兼施,迫其乞降”的策略,被毛伯温和两广总督张经接受,转呈中央,成为朝廷的国策。翁万达遂被推荐为征南副使,成为征南大本营决策层中的智囊以及广西一路前线的指挥官,在征南一役中,翁万达先平定与莫登庸互为呼应的少数民族上层的叛乱,并实行策反,兵不刃血迫使莫登庸乞降。两广总督张经大称之:“翁君神算也。”班师论功,翁万达功居第一,毛伯温上奏,朱厚熜大喜,擢升其任四川按察使,次年,先后转任陕西左、右布政使。

从44岁至51岁为川、陕巡抚,宣、大总督,入掌本兵时期,由于安南一役受知于朱厚熜,翁万达开始步步荣升,由四川按察使、陕西布政使,一跃而为右副都御史,巡抚陕西。不久又被擢升为兵部右侍郎,兼右佥都御史,总督宣、大、偏、保军务,即三边总督,最后还被任命为兵部尚书。这中间,还曾半载两迁,由于练达夷情,深谙边务,翁万达率领明军赢得了多次胜利,包括:铁裹门鏖兵、鹁鸽峪血战、阳和退顽敌、曹家庄大捷等。

同时,翁万达嫉奸锄暴,宣府总兵部永、副总兵姜爽与豪宗恶少盘居城中,多方盘剥致万军茹苦,翁万达上书弹劾,直至罢其官,撤其职。大同和川王府奉国将军充灼等通敌谋反,约为内应,翁万达发觉后,一面秘密地按名捕获反者,一面发兵埋伏于各关隘,迎击如约进犯的敌兵,终大获全胜。翁万达督边六载,主要对手是蒙古鞑靼部的俺答汗,其时,俺答虽“势方张,控弦数十万”,但总不敢大规模进犯,边关一度出现了升平景象。

从52岁至55岁为丁忧、起复、罢官时期,曹家庄大捷后,朱厚熜授予翁万达兵部尚书之职。不久,又召其回京“入掌本兵”,主持兵部大事,父亲去世他遂于年底南归奔丧。俺答汗得知翁万达离开边关,即兴兵犯境,在他归乡后,大同失守。朱厚熜不顾“终制”,急诏翁万达返抵边关,掌其督抚重任,翁万达因丧期未满,又加之背疽发作,所以匆忙修书,派义子翁从云携带《乞恩陈情终制疏》上京,请求“待三年服阕而后起用”。翁从云至河间府地界遇盗,失落表疏;尚未抵京,而俺答已从古北口“溃墙南下,直薄都城”。朱厚熜又连下两道金牌,催促翁万达起程,翁万达命侄翁思远带《题知起程疏》先行赴京。由于翁万达家处“岭海极南之地,去京万里,虽间道兼程,犹必历四十一日”才抵京到鸿胪寺报到。

当朱厚熜在急等翁万达抵京时,权贵严嵩上疏,谓翁万达“盘桓久顿,未知至日”,“谋武盈朝,何必翁某,”仇鸾则更是“衔宿怨,谗言构于帝”,结果翁万达被降职派往边关,经略紫荆诸关。越年,翁万达因背疽发作,故乘“京察”,呈上《再辞免重任恳乞陈情疏》,终引起朱厚熜的反感,遂免其职,接着又以翁万达的《谢疏》有讹字为由,将其“削籍为民”。于是,翁万达“冒暑买车,微服就道,人亦不知其曾为尚书”。

55岁的翁万达约同友人抵闽游武夷山,途经三河,被当地山川形胜所吸引,顺便为自己选择了墓地。在福建清流县途中,背疽疾发,急忙回归,至上杭县,卒于舟中。此前,朱厚熜又感到防边重任非万达莫属,于是颁诏曾第三次起复其为兵部尚书,但为时已晚。翁万达卒后二日,遗体运抵家乡,又四日诏命才临门,《明史》说其“未闻命而先卒”,即指此,死后葬于大埔三河镇。

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