第十四章 十大廉吏——廖纪(1 / 1)

史事讲将 徐夏半生 0 字 2021-05-13

廖纪,字廷陈,号龙湾,民间称作廖天官,万宁市礼纪镇三星村一带人,明代杰出政治家、儒学家,官至少保兼太子太保、吏部尚书,是明代得到最高地位和最高荣誉的文臣之一,是海南历史上两个进入朝廷权力中枢的一品重臣之一,是海南“十大廉吏”之一。

廖纪,从小聪明好学,不喜嬉饮为乐,有一天,廖瑄命读医卜书,廖纪跪曰:“此末技耳,非丈夫事也!”其父异之,听习举子业,后受名师邹野渔疼爱,学业倍进。领京闱乡荐,但试于礼部落榜,后来屡试都是名落孙山。经过加倍刻苦,真是有志者事竟成,曾被丘濬称之为“地之远,邑之小,天下莫过焉。自有学校以来,人才鲜中式者”,当廖纪在京城金榜题名,捷报传来,官员、乡亲们为之欢呼惊喜,广东提学佥事金璋在陵水城北为他建了一座进士坊。

廖纪观政期间,深受左右都御史屠滽器重,首疏荐任,授吏部考功主事,开始走上了政治舞台,他确实“节介不渝”。当时有同乡到京城谒见廖纪,并送上礼物,他都收下,当帮他们办妥事后,待他们要回乡时再完璧归赵,又送路费。

廖纪升文选郎中,为司官之首,百官为之折腰,廖纪办事严正、奉公守法。有权要请求任其亲人为吴江县令,有权要为其侄儿求任锦衣经历,廖纪认为不可,其同僚曰:“祸且至矣。”廖纪回答:“奉法受祸,某不敢辞。”宦官刘瑾当道,排陷异己,朝中正直官员大都受他迫害,而刘宇、焦芳、张彩等小人则奔走其门,成为其党羽,唯独廖纪藐视之,保持着一个儒家正义凛然、不畏强权的典范。

廖纪晋工部右侍朗,提督易州山厂,负责在易州地区管理供应整个朝廷茶、木材火炭的事。在提督易州山厂期间,廖纪经常和部下说:“欲正人,先正已。”每年如赁房钱、菜园钱以及某些部门所送银不下千两,廖纪绝不接受,有权要每年要求他赠薪炭数万斤,他也不答应,大约每节省金银数万余两,于是人民极爱戴他,声名益隆。

廖纪从南京吏部尚书转南京兵部尚书,参赞机务,他整饬武备时,遂一点视,竭愚据虑。据载,朝廷权要和太监经常从南京兵部借用兵员作为个人私役,军匠逃跑现象严重,将领、兵员治军不积极,凡此数弊,由来已久,牢不可动。廖纪到任后,大刀阔斧,一一查革,戎政从而改观。

当时朝廷“大礼议”,首辅杨廷和等满朝文武要求世宗尊武宗的父亲孝宗为皇考,但世宗一意孤行要尊自己的父亲为皇考。有一新科进士张璁持力证支持皇帝,被杨廷和调往南京。据《明史》载,廖纪“持议与璁合”,被弹劾罢职。那么,廖纪到底是如何持议与璁合呢?据王世贞《弇州四部稿》载,廖纪问其部下:“张璁所议什么内容啊?”众人皆不答。方鹏曰:“是反对杨廷和的主张而已。”廖纪曰:“好!”其语稍稍传出。于是诸给事中、御史争以其他事弹劾廖纪。其实,关于推尊生父一事,很多大臣都知道理亏的。当时朝廷重臣杨一清正家居,从邸报上看到张璁的言论后说:“张璁此论,恐怕圣人复生也驳不倒他了。”杨廷和也觉得不妥,请人捎话张璁说:“你不应该去南京为官的,不要再以‘大礼说’为难我了!”廖纪在“大礼议|中仅仅支持“继统不继嗣”主张,其它的皆反对。一切源自他所推崇的中庸之道“诚者,天之道也。诚之者,人之道也”。

廖纪被荐为吏部尚书,廖纪婉辞曰:“臣年已七十,精力不如乔宇,聪明不如杨旦,二臣且去,臣何敢居于此。”嘉靖皇帝不允许,廖纪只好感激从命,进入朝廷权力中枢后,他无不践行着的“忠君忧国”的治国理念,把儒家治国平天下思想发挥得淋漓尽致。

廖纪因监修《献皇帝实录》成,受封太子太保,赐鞍马金币,又受封三孤之少保归休,其祖辈及夫人、孩子都得到封赠。自丘濬之后又一个海南人官至三孤,权倾朝野、威赫中原,乡人无不为之骄傲自豪。三孤,为明代官衔之至尊,非道尊德重者不能出任,人们把功劳归于他父亲的德行。

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