杨守陈,字维新,号镜川,一作晋庵,浙江鄞县栎社杨家人,明代官员。编《文华大训》,改变不录涉及宦官诸事之成例,备列善恶得失,擢吏部右侍郎,修《宪宗实录》充副总裁,后乞解部务,以本官兼詹事府,专事史馆。
杨守陈,祖父杨范学问操行俱佳,曾以精思实践之学教育杨守陈。杨守陈考中进士任庶吉士,授编修职,充任御前讲席的讲官,升为侍讲。《英宗实录》完成,守陈升为洗马,不久升侍讲学士,参加修撰《宋元通鉴纲目》。为母丧守服期满,仍起用任故官职,太子出后宫就学,杨守陈任东宫讲官。当时编纂《文华大训》,凡事涉宦官的都不收入,杨守陈认为这样不对,他将涉及宦官的善恶得失一一列入,书编纂成功,杨守陈被升为少詹事。
孝宗即位,太子属官都提升官职品级,执政初拟杨守陈任南京吏部右侍郎,孝宗举笔划掉“南京”,左右说刘宣已为右侍郎,孝宗于是改刘宣为左侍郎,而以杨守陈代任右侍郎。杨守陈上疏说:“孟子说‘非尧、舜之道我不敢陈述于君王之前’。尧、舜之道是什么道呢?《尚书》说‘人心在于守正,道心在于精微,精诚专一,实实在在地实行中正之道’。这是尧、舜在内心修养深厚的缘故,他们以此为治国之本。尧舜与四方诸侯君长谋划政事,打开明堂四门宣布政教,使四方见得明白真切,听得清楚全面。因此尧、舜对外部情况十分了解,这是治政的大纲。臣以前在东宫充任属官,看见陛下朗读经书,未曾勤于探究圣贤要旨。儒臣大略讲解训诂,未曾详细地解说到帝王治政要道。因此陛下内心修养不够深,现在上朝所看见的只是大臣的风度、神采而已。君子小人的情况、官级低的臣子、离得远的臣子的才行如何识别?陛下退朝所看的是百官的奏章而已。各部门的典章规则、众吏的情况如何看得到?宫中所听信的是内官的言语而已。百官的正确意见、人民的意见如何听得到?只怕陛下对外面情况了解不够广博。[4]
“希望皇上遵循祖宗旧制,开办大小御前讲席,一天上朝二次。大的御前讲席及早朝,仍按旧仪式办。如开办小的御前座就必须选择端方博雅之臣轮流进讲。凡是陛下未弄明白的,就请问清楚。凡是圣贤的经书要义、帝王的统治方略,以及人臣贤否,政事得失,民情好坏,必须讲得明白无误,方可以实行而无弊病。对于前朝经籍,祖宗典训,百官章奏都应当贮存于文华殿后面,供陛下退朝阅览。每天令内阁一人、讲官两人在前殿厢房,陛下如有疑问就询问他们,必须把问题弄得明白透晰为好。一天中,陛下在文华殿的时间多,在乾清宫的时间少,那么就会清心寡欲,处理政事时不被迷惑,这样内心修养深厚而治国之本就建立起来。午朝则驾幸文华门,大臣台谏轮流值班。事情已经写进疏文的采用揭帖形式,简略地当面口奏,陛下详细地了解后进行裁决,在外的文武官来京朝见陛下,要他们将所奏之事一一逐条列在奏章里,向陛下口头陈述提要,交付各分管部评议。对于那些辞别陛下前去赴任的,要根据他们出任职务的情况加以不同内容的告诫,遇到大事陛下则到文华殿,使大臣各尽其谋,不互相推避。不当之处则允许言官驳正。其他用疏文呈上的,召阁臣面议可否,然后批答。而对于奏事、辞朝诸臣,必须和颜悦色,详细地询问,广泛地查访,务必了解下情,使贤才常常能出现在面前,使陛下的视听不受身边宠幸的人所左右,合天下的耳目使自己耳聪目明,对外部情况有了广泛了解,那么就抓住了治国之纲。
“再如御前讲席,一般日子只遵循故事,凡百官章奏都交给内臣让皇上批答,臣担心积弊未革,后患越来越严重。而且现在积弊多得不可胜数。做官的少有廉耻之心,士人大多轻浮躁进,教化衰败,刑法禁令松懈。风俗侈靡而财物更加缺乏,人民穷困而使盗贼一天比一天多。各卫的城墙和护城河不修,各郡的仓库很少有积储。铠甲和兵器朽坏锈钝,军队空虚。将领骄傲懒惰而不知用兵,士兵疲惫衰弱而不操练。一旦有紧急情况,如何防御?这是臣因此朝夕忧虑的,以致有时废寝忘食。”
孝宗深为赞许并接纳他的意见,后来果然恢复午朝,召大臣面议政事,这些都是杨守陈疏中提到的事。不久,杨守陈以史馆事务繁多,请求解除吏部事务,三次上章。孝宗乃命他以本官职兼任詹事府,专门负责史馆事务,杨守陈去世,谥号文懿,追赠礼部尚书。
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