第五十章 历仕三朝——彭时(2 / 2)

史事讲将 徐夏半生 0 字 2021-05-13

次日,宪宗再召彭时等重议此事,彭时仍坚持前议,宪宗说:“朕难道不知道你说的这些吗?朕只是担心钱太后一旦入葬,就会使母后难与先帝合葬。”彭时回答:“皇上对两宫太后都非常孝顺,圣德广为传闻。合乎礼仪,便能成全孝义之名。”内阁重臣商辂及大学士刘定之也相继劝说宪宗。宪宗说:“连母亲的命令都不听了,还能算孝顺儿子吗?”彭时向宪宗建议:“可以将钱太后葬于先帝之左,虚右位以待周太后将来。”</p>

随后,彭时与商辂、刘定之联名上疏说:“太后作配先帝,正位中宫,陛下尊她为太后,下诏宣示天下。先帝全夫妇之伦,陛下尽母子之爱,都得大义。现在太后梓宫应当合葬裕陵,她的神主应当附祭太庙,这是无可更改之礼。近来听说要另择地埋葬太后,臣等实是心怀疑惧。我们私下以为陛下之所以迟疑,是因为考虑到当今皇太后万寿之后,应当与先帝同尊,因此担心二后并配先帝,不合祖宗之制。但考之古代,汉文帝尊生母薄太后,而吕后仍附祭长陵。宋仁宗追尊生母李宸妃,而刘后仍附祭太庙。现在如果陵庙之制稍有不合适,则会有背前人之美,受后人讥笑。”吏部尚书李秉、礼部尚书姚夔等九十九位廷臣也同意钱太后与英宗合葬。</p>

宪宗仍担心违背周太后的意志,此后更发出为钱太后另择葬地的谕旨。姚夔等两百余名朝臣一起伏在文华门哭请,宪宗下令群臣止哭退去,群臣叩头拒命,声言:“不得到钱太后合葬的旨意,绝不敢退下。”自巳时跪至申时,宪宗与周太后无可奈何,这才听从了彭时等人的建议。</p>

彗星出现于三台,彭时等人说:“外廷大政固然应当先处理,宫中根本尤为至急。谚语说‘子出多母’。现在嫔嫱众多,却没有怀孕的先兆。这一定是陛下爱有所专,而专宠的人已过了生育年龄的缘故。望陛下均恩爱,为宗社着想。”当时宪宗专宠万贵妃,而贵妃年已近四十,所以彭时这么说,他又说:“大臣黜退,应该由陛下决定,或者集中群臣商议,不可都交给臣下,使大权旁落。”宪宗虽不能听从,但心中称赞他的忠诚。</p>

西北土官满四率众起事,自署“招贤王”,数月即聚众数万,关中震动。都御史项忠奉命讨伐满四,项忠初战不利,朝廷建议命抚宁侯朱永率京军前往,朱永故意为难,提出许多要求。彭时讨厌他胃口张得太大,并推测军队可不用出发,便令整装以待。正好项忠飞报朝廷,说已把贼人围在石城,宪宗派宦官怀恩、黄赐与兵部尚书白圭、程信等人到内阁讨论,彭时说:“贼人四出攻掠,锋芒诚然不可阻挡。现在他们入石城自保,我军包围得很坚固,他们不过是困兽,很容易擒获。”程信说:“怎么知道项忠不会退兵?”彭时说:“他已部署妥当,为什么自退?如果现在出兵,估计什么时候到?”程信说:“来年春天。”彭时说:“这样的话,更加缓慢了,不顶事。事情的成败,就在十二月决定了。”程信恼怒,恐吓道:“项忠如果失败了,一定要杀一两个人,然后出兵。”众人都很担心,问彭时有什么见解。彭时说:“看项忠奏疏中曲折,知道他很能干。如果他听说另派禁军去,则可能会退避不敢负责,这样贼人就难说了。”当时只有商辂赞同他的话。到同年冬,叛乱果然被讨平,众人这才信服,旋即改任为吏部尚书。</p>

彭时因患病请假,过了三个月,宪宗催他到内阁办事,免予朝参。彭时上疏说:“光禄寺采办,各个城门抽税,都严重搜刮,而献上珍珠宝石的人,又加倍估算它的价值,掠取国库财物。请革除这些弊端,以惠小民。”宪宗优诏褒奖他,并采纳了他的建议。畿辅地区以及山东、河南干旱,彭时请免除夏税和盐钞,以及太仆寺索赔损失的官马,京师米贵,请发出仓库储米五十万石来平卖,宪宗都听从了。彭时以旧臣受到倚重,遇有事情他都极力争执,毫不回避。而那时候宪宗怠于政事,大臣很少得到召见。万安同在内阁,交结显贵的宦官和外戚,使君臣上下隔绝,彭时颇为担扰。</p>

彭时再次发病,又请求致仕,宪宗安慰挽留,彭时无法离去。彗星再次出现,彭时因而上书论关于为政之本的七件事:不要惑于佛事,浪费金钱;传圣旨专门委任司礼监,不要再任别的人,以防作弊;召见大臣议论政事;对近幸之人赐给太多,工匠冒官太滥,而犯重罪判死刑和流放的人,又不尽合法,应戒除滥加刑赏;虚心接受劝谏,不要厌恶恳切的直言;告诫廷臣不要模棱两可,凡是政令失当,应该直言论奏;清理牧马草地,减少权势要人的庄田。这些意见都切中时弊。</p>

宁晋伯刘聚为他的从父太监刘永诚请求封号和谥号,并请赐给祠堂匾额,礼部引惯例驳回。宪宗特赐“褒功”匾额,命内阁拟好封谥,彭时等人说:“如果给刘永诚封谥,将来守边的宦官都援引此例来要求,变更祖宗之法就是从今日开始了。”有人援引北宋权宦童贯封王之事,彭时说:“童贯封王在宋徽宗末年,怎能是盛世之事?”此事于是被搁置。</p>

彭时常常因为有灾变而上书,他的奏疏有的留中不发,有的发下有关部门,又多被阻隔,彭时因此郁郁不得志,他共休假七次,宪宗总是命御医去给他看病,还多次派宦官赏赐给他财物。彭时病逝,终年六十岁,临终时对前来问候的从弟说:“生死是常理,没有什么值得惊讶的。只是冒居高位,上不能报国,下不能终养老父,这是我愧疚的。”最终没有一句话提及家事。宪宗闻讯后,非常哀伤惋惜,为他辍朝一日,追赠特进光禄大夫、左柱国、太师,谥号“文宪”,另赐钞一万贯,命有关部门予以安葬,任命其子彭颐为尚宝司丞。</p>

彭时为立朝三十年,孜孜奉国,刚直敢言,持正稳重,务以大局为重,是明代天顺、成化年间正直阁臣的杰出代表之一。</p>

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