章溢,字三益,号匡山居士,浙江龙泉八都镇横溪村人,明初大臣。元末时授以龙泉主簿、浙东都元帅府佥事,章溢皆辞不受,退隐龙泉与浦城交界之匡山。朱元璋取处州后,与刘基、宋濂、叶琛受聘重用。章溢提出“唯德是辅,惟不嗜杀人者能一之”,初授营田司佥事,巡行江东、两淮,推行按田分等纳税,任湖广按察佥事时,倡导分兵屯田。升任浙东按察副使,巡视处州,章溢以处州山多、田少、民贫,课税累重,奏准仍按旧额。浙东建造海舶,向处州征集巨材,章溢力谏罢征,后官至御史中丞兼赞善大夫。后因母丧守制,不久病死,终年56岁,著有《龙渊集》,《明史》有传。
章溢是元末明初著名的政治家、文学家,因为浙东出身,与刘基、宋濂、叶琛三人并称“浙东四先生”。
章溢,自幼勤奋读书,苦于学问。二十岁的时候,拜王毅为师,开始学习经义。除了书本上的知识,当时王毅还喜欢四处游历,而章溢往往也一同跟随,学习了不少书本上无法教授的书本经验。他一心专研学问,希望能求得圣贤之学,加之聪慧而有天分,所以很快就有所得。随着时间的推移,其名开始渐渐的为人所熟知。
在游历金华之时,甚至还惊动了元宪宗,专门派秃坚不花接待,有心想要将章溢留在朝中,成为国家的栋梁之才。章溢原本已经接受了秃坚不花的示好,在秃坚不花调任秦中的时候,也答应了秃坚不花与他同行的邀约。但是等一行人到了虎林的时候,章溢又动摇了,最终还是向秃坚不花告辞,回到了自己的家乡。
各地农民起义运动蓬勃发生,章溢的家乡也没有逃脱一截。当时蕲、黄地区的贼寇侵入龙泉,章溢的侄子被贼子捉住。章溢提出以自己代替侄子,贼寇因为一早就听说过章溢的名字,所以答应了这个请求。等到章溢到了贼人扎营的地方之后,被绑了起来,贼寇向他招安,但是章溢却丝毫不屈服,威逼利诱,全都用过了,也不为所动。等到了夜晚的时候,章溢用自己的机智逃脱,等回到家中之后,就立即召集同乡的壮年百姓,组成义兵,击败了贼寇,保卫了乡里的安全。
等到官府的人赶到之后,要将一些与贼寇牵连的人都给杀了。章溢听到这个消息之后,立即找到了当时的将领石抹宜孙,表示百姓都是被饥寒所迫,才走到了这一步,为什么要处置他们呢?石抹宜孙听从了章溢的劝说,最后还将章溢留在幕下。章溢此后随军,平定了许多地方的贼寇,因功被授为龙泉主簿,章溢推辞,回到家乡。后来贼寇卷土重来,章溢不仅带领乡人击溃了贼寇,还解救了被贼寇包围的石抹宜孙,后来更是帮助石抹宜孙,处置了反叛的将领,论功被授为浙东都元帅府佥事,章溢仍然推辞不受,随后隐居匡山。
明军攻克处州的时候,章溢避入闽境,不久之后受朱元璋的聘请,与刘基、宋濂、叶琛一道入应天。章溢在回答太祖提问的时候,颇有论见,被授为佥营田司事。胡来浙东设提提刑按察使,章溢又为佥事,因为当时保证胡琛大军粮草的充足,带领百姓击溃来犯贼寇而被升为湖广按察佥事。朱元璋十分信任章溢,不仅在他人牵连上章溢的时候,对章溢不与追究。后来胡琛在福建全军覆没,朱元璋还让章溢为浙东按察副使前往镇守动摇的处州,章溢本人认为自己不足以担任高位,于是推辞副使之职,仍任佥事,前往处州安抚百姓。
章溢此后在很长一段时间,为朱元璋提出定夺天下的建议,治理攻下的州郡,等到朱元璋在某些地方犯错误的时候,也进行适当的规劝,是明朝建立的重大功臣。朱元璋称帝建国,定都南京,章溢因为有功,与刘基同被授予御史中丞兼赞善大夫,此后帮助明太祖治理天下,安抚百姓。
后来,章溢母亲去世,章溢听到消息之后,上奏希望回家守孝,当时正是用人之际,所以朱元璋一开始并没有同意,等到后来同意的之后,章溢却因为伤心过度,还没到家,行到半路就不幸染病身亡,享年五十六岁。朱元璋听到这个消息之后,十分哀痛,亲自到家中哀悼,撰写悼词。
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