春秋会盟形式之申地之盟鲁昭公4年前538年春秋第一百八十五年(1 / 2)

伍举带回来了晋国同意楚国举行会盟活动的消息。

楚国马上就把召开会盟的信息发出去,果然,诸侯们接到通知后,不敢怠慢便纷纷前来楚国会盟,只有郑国子产当时分析的鲁国、卫国、曹国、邾国没来。

鲁国的理由是:要进行时节的祭祀没有时间前来。

卫国的理由是:国君生病了。

曹国和邾国的理由是:国君正面临着不安定的因素,国君不能擅离职守。

其他的蔡国、陈国、郑国、许国、徐国、滕国、顿国、胡国、沈国、小邾国、宋国、越国都前来参见会议。

其中,最令人值得注意的是越国的参见。

越国是派遣了大夫常寿,过前来参加会盟的,但是楚灵王对于越国的使者并没有认真对待,此时的越国还是一个边疆的莞尔小国,落后的地区,因此并没有引起楚国的重视,这使越国感受到了羞辱,这就为以后埋下了隐患:等到鲁昭公十三年的时候,在这次会盟中,其他没有受到重视的蔡国、许国等和越国结合在一起,向楚灵王发难,这都是九年后的后话了。

所以,既然搞外交活动,就一定要一视同仁,不要搞特殊和区别,这都是在不经意之间满侠祸难的基础啊。

鲁昭公四年,六月十六日,楚灵王和诸侯们在“申地”见面,准备召开会盟大会。

此时,伍举向楚灵王提出了几种会盟的方式,请楚灵王参考选择:

1,夏启“钧台之享”:夏朝自从大禹传位给了自己儿子夏启后,废掉禅让制,搞世袭制,把公天下变为家天下,夏启为了让自己世袭王权的资格得到诸侯的承认,在钧台宣布自己是夏朝的第二代君主,这就是历史上著名的“钧台之享”,实质上这次的盟会就是一次宴会而已;

2,商汤“景亳之命”:是发生在夏朝末年,准备反抗夏朝的商汤从旧都商丘北迁至景亳,又称北亳、蒙亳后,商汤在此告命天下,征伐四方,最终灭夏。其实就是以受命于天,征伐无道的盟会;

3,周武王的“孟津之誓“:是指武王九年,大会诸侯于孟津,前来参加大会的诸侯和部落首领,据说有八百之多。在大会上,周武王举行了誓师仪式的故事。是一次“诸侯所由用命“的重要会盟,从此,众多的诸侯都听从周的指挥,灭商已有充分的把握;

4,周成王的“岐阳之蒐”:指周成王在岐山南面聚合诸侯而进行的一次大规模狩猎活动,以显示周王室的雄霸诸侯的之主的地位和盛世;

5,周康王的“丰宫之朝”:在周王朝成康之治时期,接续周成王的康王,选择的接见列国诸侯的地方,正是当年成王的祭庙所在地。只有那些臣服周人的诸侯才能取得门票参与会盟,通过这些会盟仪式,周人以取得重大的政治成果的活动方式;

6,周穆王的“涂山之会”:是西周周穆王所召集过的,在当年夏朝大禹所召开的一次会盟的涂山所进行的,盟会,主要是集合诸侯,宣扬王道,进行分封的诸侯集会活动;

7,齐桓公的“召陵之盟”:是在春秋鲁僖公四年期间,齐国为首的中原诸侯国与楚国的会盟。齐桓公以楚国不向周王室进贡为由的会盟,这是齐桓公“尊王“的又一次胜利,其霸主地位更加巩固。目的就是尊王攘夷,聚合诸侯,雄霸天下;

8,晋文公的“践土之约”:发生在鲁僖公二十八年,晋文公为确立霸主地位而举行的会盟,在晋国和楚国城濮之战后,晋文公大会诸侯于践土(当时衡雍附近,今河南省境内),参加会盟的有晋、鲁、齐、宋、蔡、郑、等国,晋被推为盟主,周天子也参加这次盟会。

以上八种会盟的形式,有以吃喝为主的“享”会,有以自认为受命于天的“命”会,还有发誓盟约的“誓”会,以及检阅军队的“蒐”会,朝拜周天子的“朝”会,以及诸侯联盟的“盟”会。

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