第28章 人本主义(2 / 2)

南明北归 思归北鸿 0 字 2021-09-25

黄宗羲向前探了探身子,问道:“那依徐相公之见,我大明的江山是保不住了?”

徐枫摇了摇头,说:“这倒也不尽然。不过,要想振兴大明,国家的制度就得变一变。”

“怎么个变法?”黄宗羲和老庄主纷纷侧目而视,认真地等待他继续说下去。

这样的眼神对徐枫来说是莫大的鼓励。于是他清了清嗓子,说道:“据我的观察,大明之所以衰微,乃是缺兵、缺粮、缺人。但归根结底,缺的是钱。”

徐枫自斟自饮了一杯,继续说:“朝廷缺钱,所以兵力不足,与满洲八旗的作战也难求一胜。更因为缺钱,所以朝廷要加重赋税,逼得百姓走投无路,只得揭竿造反。民谣唱得好,‘打开城门迎闯王,闯王来了不纳粮’。你看看,因为李闯不纳钱粮,所以百姓拥护。于此相应的,便是朝廷苛捐杂税太多。”

老庄主也喝了一杯酒,咂咂嘴道:“徐相公这话说到痛处了。”

黄宗羲也叹息道:“朝廷不加税,边防就会稀疏;朝廷加了税,百姓又会造反。唉,大势不可为,徒叹奈何。”

“不!”徐枫道:“即使朝廷不加税,钱的问题也是可以解决的。”

“哦?”黄宗羲和老庄主齐声赞叹。但这赞叹之中更裹着几分质疑之声。

徐枫微微一笑,举杯就唇,道:“朝廷可以借百姓的钱来用嘛。”一语说完,才将杯中酒饮了下去。

黄宗羲哑然失笑,道:“自古只有百姓借官府钱的,哪有官府向百姓借钱的。本末倒置,未免太过儿戏了。”

“黄先生此言差矣。”徐枫正色道:“何为本,何为末?孟子云,百姓为重,社稷次之,君为轻。咱们都是读孔孟之书的,这个道理黄先生该懂啊!”

听了这话,黄宗羲脸上现出了羞惭之色,忙颔首道:“是,徐相公教训得是。”

徐枫格格笑了,说:“在下哪有资格教训黄先生,咱们只是思想不同而已。唐太宗也曾说过‘水能载舟,亦能覆舟’的至理名言。言下之意,便是以人为本。人,才是天下的根本。天子受命于天,同样也受命于民。若是天子的号令与民意相悖,江山便有倾覆的危险呀。”

老庄主和黄宗羲都听得呆了,久久说不出一句话来。

“可是,若要朝廷向百姓借钱,这未免太过惊世骇俗了一些。我朝从无此例啊!”老庄主摊开双手,一脸茫然地问。

徐枫道:“这个做法是惊世骇俗了一些,不过,一旦有了成例,以后遵循起来也就不难了。昔日商鞅变法不也同样惊世骇俗嘛。”

“可是,朝廷借走了百姓的钱,如果有官员贪墨,或是翻脸不认账,又该如何?”黄宗羲皱眉问道。

“所以嘛,配套的制度建设也得跟上来。”徐枫道:“收钱的官员必得廉洁,钱款的去向也必须专款专用。这就需要监督。”

“御史台倒可起这监督之责。”黄宗羲道。

徐枫点头道:“却也不能只依靠御史台。朝廷既是向百姓借钱,那就要百姓来监督。”

“百姓监督?”黄宗羲和老庄主异口同声地惊叫了一声,二人都是一脸地惊愕之色。

“对啊。”徐枫淡淡地说:“这天下本就是百姓的呀。朝廷借了百姓的钱,时期一到,不仅要归还本金,利息也不可少。不如此,百姓谁愿借钱给朝廷。”

黄宗羲哈哈笑了起来,说:“徐相公这个办法倒与宋时王安石的青苗法有异曲同工之妙。殊不知,官员强行摊派,百姓也是无可奈何。而徐相公之法一旦施行,官员借不上来钱款,难免明抢暗夺,那又如何是好?”

徐枫竖起两根手指道:“我有两个办法可以避免这种情况。第一,借钱的多寡不能与官员政绩挂钩;第二,官员在向百姓借贷时,必得立下字据,一式两份。这两份字据必得有第三方的盖章方可生效。这样一来,就可以规避相当大程度的官官相护和强行摊派了。”

黄宗羲琢磨了一会儿,道:“这确是良法。只是不知施行起来会不会荒腔走板。”

徐枫露出了一个胸有成竹地微笑,说:“我此次去南京,就是要大力推行这个新法。至于会不会荒腔走板嘛,只要我们坚持民贵君轻的人本主义,那就不会有太大的问题。”

“民贵君轻?”老庄主不以为然地笑了,说:“话是这么说,但自古以来,哪有成例?”

徐枫道:“正因为此,我大明才会沦丧至今。问题的根源就在于……皇权太重!”

这话一出,老庄主和黄宗羲都瞪大了眼睛。徐枫前面说的话虽然新颖,甚至有些荒诞,但还不涉及至高无上的皇权。可这句话说出口,纵使这二人胸襟开阔,一时也难以接受,只能愣在当场了。

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