中卷周易64文译解九(2 / 2)

车子是农业生产上的重要运输工具。车子坏了,直接影响到农业生产,不修理好车子,就影响农作物的运输。

“夫妻反目”。因农业生产工具出现损坏,夫妻产生了争吵。这说明生产工具也是保证农业丰收的条件。不光是天不下雨,还有生产工具方面的保障。这也说明,以家庭为生产单位,在《周易》时期以确立。这里反映的已不是奴隶在集体生产劳动,而是以家庭为单位的生产模式。

本篇的中心依然是强调“有孚”这一政治理念。即“民本”理念。“有孚”也是《周易》作者建构的普世价值观。

“有孚,血去惕出,无咎。有孚挛如,富以其邻。”

这一自然段是承上启下的句子。前面的内容反映了,天不下雨,要发生旱情。可生产工具又出现了损坏。眼前面临着农业生产上这些困难,怎么办呢?作者强调的是爱的价值观。有了爱,就能够战胜困难。“有了真诚的爱”,没有克服不了的困难与灾害。这“有孚”(爱)成了生存的准则,也成了立国的根本。“有孚”成了普世的信仰。这就是《周易》作者构建的哲学理念。“有了爱(有孚),灾害危险就能克服掉,忧患恐惧也会离去(血去惕出),平安无事的(无咎)。”

“有孚挛如,富以其邻。”

作者又进一步阐述“有孚”的观念。在面临灾害和困难的发生,要体现在“友爱而产生的互助精神,富有则与邻共享(有孚挛如,富以其邻。)”如同现在讲的,一方有难,八方支援,以及走共同富裕的道路。

“既雨既处,尚德载。”

“既”:已经。“既雨”:已经下了雨。“处”:停止。

闻一多引《诗经·周颂·载芟/良耜》“俶载南亩”,“载”为“菑(zī)”的假借,菑:开垦,耕耘,用农具把草翻埋到地下。讲说“凡耕必待雨”,“既雨既处,尚德载”言“雨后尚得施耕也”。

“妇贞厉。月几望,君子征,凶。”

“妇贞厉”:指雨后抢种庄稼光靠妇女是有困难的。

“几”:将近。“望”:农历每月十五。“月几望”:将近每月十五。“君子征”:官府征召劳役。“凶”:指庄稼就没了收成。

最后一段内容讲的是“天终于下雨,解除了旱情,还来得及抢种庄稼,光靠妇女完成这个任务是有困难的。过了月中,君子征召劳役,那庄稼就没指望收成了。”这就是“既雨既处,尚德载。妇贞厉。月几望,君子征,凶”的意思。

这是讲要重视农业生产的时节,不能错过有利时节,免得人为造成农业生产上的灾害出现。即不能在抢种农作物时期,而征召劳役,就会造成农业上凶年(灾年)的发生。这就是人祸。天灾(干旱)免除了,但不能再发生人祸的出现。有了两个方面的保障,才能夺得农业上的丰收。

本篇是讲述农业生产要积累,就不能出现天灾与人祸。通篇是围绕着农业来讲述保障丰收的道理。在靠天吃饭的农耕时代,遇到天旱不下雨,就直接影响到农业的收成。若下了雨,又要抢种农作物。但又面临着劳动力被“君子“(有家、有国者的诸侯、贵族)征召去做劳役,就影响了农业生产。归根结底是作者为君子(统治者)讲述的政治道理。

《周易》作者讲述的道理是理性的,是辩证的认识论。不是站在神秘与巫术的认识上谈自然灾害。这里没有巫术与迷信,彰显的是人文精神。在中国古代历史上,农业可以说是古代立国的基石与命脉。作者强调重视农业生产的道理,可以说就是最大的政治。

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