第五百五十四章 巴拿马运河(1)(1 / 2)

穿越成皇储 回龙峰 0 字 2021-03-22

几天之后被劫持的“旧金山”号货轮抵达了巴拿马运河。

巴拿马运河位于中美洲国家巴拿马,横穿巴拿马地峡,连接太平洋和大西洋,是重要的航运要道,被誉为世界七大工程奇迹之一的“世界桥梁”。

早在15世纪,征服墨西哥的西班牙人瓦斯科.科尔特斯就提出过修建运河的主张,但未指明适合开凿的地点,后来在瓦斯科.努涅里.巴尔沃亚征服巴拿马之后,1523年西班牙国王查理一世(即神圣罗马帝国的查理五世)明确提出了开凿一条中美洲运河的主张。

1534年,西班牙国王卡洛斯一世下令对巴拿马地峡进行勘查,西班牙人沿着山脊用鹅卵石铺出了一条穿越地峡的驿道,算是为开凿作了准备。

从18世纪开始,西班牙殖民政府陆续派员勘查了四个备选地点:墨西哥南部的特万特佩克地峡;哥伦比亚西北部的阿特拉托河附近的某个地点;尼加拉瓜地峡;巴拿马地峡。

后来,西班牙国力日益衰弱,这项计划也就随之搁浅下来。

1869年,经过11年的建设,苏伊士运河通航,工程造价仅仅1860万英磅。

作为主持苏伊士运河建设的负责人,功成名就的法国人费迪南德.雷赛布雄心勃勃的表示,要在美洲大陆上打造一条联结大西洋和太平洋的通路。

随后法国政府和巴拿马的主权国家哥伦比亚签署协议,获得了巴拿马运河建设许可证,巴拿马洋际运河环球公司成立。经过两年的紧张筹备后,1881年1月1日,巴拿马运河正式动工开挖。

苏伊士运河的成功修建,使雷赛布的声誉达到顶峰,他成为法兰西学院院士、法国科学院院士、得到荣誉军团大十字勋章和印度星形勋章,英国皇室授予他伦敦荣誉市民称号。

往昔的成功令雷赛布十分陶醉,他机械地照搬修建苏伊士运河的成功经验,而对巴拿马的特殊地形估计不足,在没有详细调研的基础上草率地制定了施工方案,结果酿成了一场灾难。

巴拿马地峡是热带雨林气候,潮湿闷热、丛林密布、交通闭塞、地形复杂,基础设施落后,缺乏起码的施工条件,当来自55个国家的4万施工大军进驻之后,人们才发现那里简直是一个人间地狱:参天的密林中毒虫遍布,令人难以容忍,炎热的天气使可怕的疫病蔓延开来,夺走了大批工人和技术人员的生命,在加通水闸附近的希望之山上,林立的墓碑令人不寒而栗。

比炎热气候和恶劣环境更可怕的是人为的失误,起初,雷赛布照搬苏伊士运河的经验,认为可以利用巴拿马地峡众多的湖泊修建一条海平式运河,谁知施工四年之后,傲慢的法国人才发现巴拿马地峡临太平洋一端的海面,要比加勒比海一端低出20多厘米,根本无法修建海平式运河,这个过迟的发现给法国洋际运河公司以致命的打击。

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